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A Fresnel zone ( ), named for physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel, is a series of concentric ellipsoidal regions of alternating double strength and half strength volumes of a wave's propagation, caused by a wave following multiple paths as it passes by an object and is partially refracted by it, resulting in constructive and destructive interference as the different length paths go in and out of phase. Fresnel zones are seen in optics, radio communications, electrodynamics, seismology, acoustics, gravitational radiation, and other situations involving the radiation of waves and multipath propagation. This is the cause of the picket-fencing effect when either the radio transmitter or receiver is moving and the high and low signal strength zones are above and below the receiver cut off threshold. ==Importance of Fresnel zones== Fresnel zones are concentric ellipses (1, 2, 3) centred on the direct transmission path (AB). 1st Fresnel Zone Avoidance The 1st zone is the ellipse with chords 1/2 wavelength longer than the direct path (ACB). If a reflective object is very near the direct path, the signal will experience a 180o phase shift and cancel the direct wave at the receiver. If a reflective object is tangent to the 1st zone, the electromagnetic wave will be shifted 180o because of the increased path length, undergo an additional 180o phase shift due to the reflection, and reinforce the direct wave at the receiver. Consequently, there should be no reflective objects in the 1st Fresnel zone. If unobstructed, radio waves will travel in a straight line from the transmitter to the receiver. But if there are reflective surfaces along the path, such as bodies of water or smooth terrain, the radio waves reflecting off those surfaces may arrive either out of phase or in phase with the signals that travel directly to the receiver. Waves that reflect off of surfaces within an ''even'' Fresnel zone are ''out of phase'' with the direct-path wave and reduce the power of the received signal. Waves that reflect off of surfaces within an ''odd'' Fresnel zone are ''in phase'' with the direct-path wave and can enhance the power of the received signal. Sometimes this results in the counter-intuitive finding that reducing the height of an antenna increases the signal-to-noise ratio. Fresnel provided a means to calculate where the zones are—where a given obstacle will cause mostly in phase or mostly out of phase reflections between the transmitter and the receiver. Obstacles in the first Fresnel zone will create signals with a path-length phase shift of 0 to 180 degrees, in the second zone they will be 180 to 360 degrees out of phase, and so on. Even numbered zones have the maximum phase cancelling effect and odd numbered zones may actually add to the signal power.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.zytrax.com/tech/wireless/fresnel.htm )〕 To maximize receiver strength, one needs to minimize the effect of obstruction loss by removing obstacles from the radio frequency line of sight (RF LoS). The strongest signals are on the direct line between transmitter and receiver and always lie in the first Fresnel zone. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Fresnel zone」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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